Getting around Vietnam
Domestic air travel is a fast and convenient way to cover long distances in Vietnam, particularly given the country's considerable north-to-south length.
Vietnam's major domestic airports include Noi Bai (Hanoi), Tan Son Nhat (Ho Chi Minh City), and Da Nang, which serve as hubs for flights to cities and towns across the country. Other frequently used airports include those in Hue, Nha Trang (Cam Ranh), Dalat, Can Tho, and Phu Quoc Island. Most domestic flights are under two hours, making it easy to hop between the north, central, and southern regions.
The national carrier, Vietnam Airlines, offers an extensive domestic network and maintains a reputation for reliability and service. Low-cost carriers such as VietJet Air, Bamboo Airways, and Pacific Airlines also operate a wide range of domestic routes, often at very competitive prices.
A dense road network connects major cities, towns, and rural areas, with National Highways running the length of Vietnam. Key routes include National Highway 1, which stretches from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City along the eastern coast, and the more scenic Ho Chi Minh Highway, which runs inland through mountains and national parks. Road journeys can be an adventure in themselves, offering spontaneous stops, street food discoveries, and striking views of everything from rice paddies to coastal cliffs.
While traffic in cities can be chaotic, intercity travel is generally manageable, and road conditions continue to improve. Visitors should keep in mind, however, that travel times can be longer than expected due to congestion, weather, or roadworks, especially in more remote regions.
Road quality in Vietnam varies widely depending on the region and the type of road. Major highways and urban roads are generally in good condition, particularly along well-travelled routes such as those linking Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City.
In contrast, roads in rural and mountainous areas can be narrower, poorly surfaced, or affected by weather conditions, especially during the rainy season when landslides and flooding may occur.
Vietnam has made significant investments in infrastructure in recent years, and many roads are being upgraded or expanded. However, progress is uneven, so travellers should be prepared for occasional delays or detours, particularly outside of major cities.
Vietnam's road network is classified into several categories based on their function and administrative responsibility. The most important are the National Highways (Quốc lộ), which are managed by the central government and connect key cities, provinces, and border points. National Highway 1 (QL1), running from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City, is the country's main north–south artery.
Provincial roads (Tỉnh lộ) are managed by local governments and serve as secondary routes linking towns and districts within provinces. These are generally narrower than national highways but still play an important role in regional connectivity.
District roads (Huyện lộ) and commune roads (Xã lộ) make up the local network, serving small towns, rural villages, and agricultural areas. These roads can be basic and are often unpaved in more remote locations. In cities, urban roads range from wide boulevards to narrow alleyways and are not always marked with consistent signage.
Motorways, or expressways (Đường cao tốc), are multi-lane roads allowing for faster travel between major cities and are usually toll roads. Notable expressways include the Hanoi–Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh City–Long Thanh–Dau Giay routes.
Car hire in Vietnam is available in major cities and tourist destinations, but it's more common to hire a car with a driver rather than self-drive. Due to complex driving regulations, language barriers, and challenging traffic conditions, most visitors find it more convenient and less stressful to leave the driving to a local professional.
Several international and local car rental companies operate in Vietnam, offering a range of vehicles from standard sedans to larger vans suitable for group travel. Hiring a car with a driver is relatively affordable and can be arranged for airport transfers, day trips, or multi-day itineraries. Drivers often act as informal guides, providing insights into local attractions along the way.
Foreigners who wish to drive themselves must have a valid Vietnamese driving licence or an International Driving Permit (IDP) recognised by Vietnam, which usually requires conversion through the local authorities.
Taxis are widely available in Vietnam's cities and are a convenient way to get around, especially for visitors unfamiliar with local bus routes or hesitant to brave the motorbike traffic. Reputable taxi companies include Mai Linh and Vinasun, which use meters and have a good reputation for reliability. Visitors should avoid unmarked taxis or those without a working meter, as overcharging can occur.
Ride-hailing apps have become increasingly popular and are often the preferred choice for both locals and tourists. Grab is the dominant service, offering car and motorbike rides, as well as food delivery. Other local apps, such as Gojek and Be, also operate in major cities. These apps provide upfront pricing, cashless payment options, and the convenience of booking in English, making them particularly tourist-friendly.
Motorbike taxis (xe ôm) can also be booked through these apps, providing a quick and affordable way to navigate traffic-heavy areas. Traditional xe ôm drivers still operate independently in many places, but negotiating the fare beforehand is essential if not using an app.
Vietnam is a rewarding country to explore by bicycle, particularly for those with an adventurous spirit and a bit of stamina. While the chaotic traffic in major cities can be daunting, cycling is much more enjoyable in quieter towns, along coastal roads, through rural villages, or in scenic regions such as the Mekong Delta and the central highlands around Dalat.
Bicycles can be rented easily in many tourist destinations, with Hoi An, Hue, Ninh Binh, and Phu Quoc among the most bike-friendly areas. Rental rates are generally low, and many hotels and guesthouses offer complimentary or inexpensive bikes for guests. In Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, cycling is more suitable for early mornings or within parks and quieter districts, as traffic can be overwhelming during peak hours.
For long-distance cycling or bikepacking, Vietnam offers unforgettable routes along National Highway 1 or the Ho Chi Minh Highway. However, cyclists should be prepared for variable road conditions, aggressive driving habits from larger vehicles, and hot, humid weather.
An extensive network of long-distance buses operates across the country, connecting everything from major urban centres to small towns and rural regions. Services range from basic local buses to modern, air-conditioned sleeper coaches with reclining seats or bunk-style beds.
Several reputable private operators run intercity services, with Sinh Tourist, Phuong Trang (Futa Bus Lines), and Hoang Long among the most well-known. These companies offer frequent departures, online booking options, and comfortable amenities, particularly on busy routes such as Hanoi to Hue, Da Nang to Hoi An, or Ho Chi Minh City to the Mekong Delta.
Most cities have dedicated bus stations (bến xe) from which long-distance coaches depart. It's generally advisable to book tickets in advance during peak travel periods, such as weekends or holidays. While some companies offer pick-up and drop-off services from hotels in tourist areas, others may require travellers to make their own way to the station.
Night buses are a popular option for saving on accommodation and maximising time, though taller travellers may find the sleeping arrangements a bit cramped. Journeys can be long, and road conditions may vary, but coach travel remains convenient and affordable for budget-conscious visitors to see the country.
Speed limits vary depending on the type of road and vehicle. In urban areas, the limit is typically 50 km/h (31 mph) for cars and 40 km/h (25 mph) for motorbikes, while on rural roads it may rise to 80 km/h (50 mph) for cars. On expressways, cars may travel up to 100–120 km/h (62–75 mph), though limits are marked and can vary.
Vietnam has strict drink-driving laws, and the legal blood alcohol limit is zero for car and motorbike drivers. Random breath testing is conducted, and penalties for violations include heavy fines, licence suspension, or even imprisonment in serious cases.
Seat belts are mandatory for drivers and passengers in the front seats of cars, though enforcement may be inconsistent. Helmets are compulsory for all motorbike riders and passengers, and this rule is strictly enforced. Mobile phone use while driving is prohibited unless using a hands-free device.
Traffic drives on the right-hand side of the road, and overtaking is common, sometimes in situations that would be considered risky elsewhere. Visitors choosing to drive should proceed with caution, be alert at all times, and drive defensively.
Car insurance policies in Vietnam often include some level of breakdown assistance, so please check the details before setting off.
For motorbikes, it is common to find small, family-run mechanics (locally known as "sửa xe") along roadsides who can assist with minor repairs.
To legally drive in Vietnam, visitors typically need one of the following:
• A valid Vietnamese driving licence can be issued to foreigners holding a valid visa and temporary residence permit after converting their home country licence.
• An International Driving Permit (IDP). Visitors with an IDP issued under the 1949 Geneva Convention (as used in some countries) must convert it into a Vietnamese licence for it to be valid.
For motorbike riders, a motorcycle endorsement is required on both the original licence and the IDP. Vietnam requires a licence for motorbikes with an engine capacity over 50cc, and riding without the proper certification can lead to legal and insurance issues.
Getting around cities in Vietnam is an experience in itself, with a mix of modern transport options and traditional methods. Motorbikes are by far the most common mode of urban travel, and cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are famous for their buzzing streams of two-wheeled traffic. Visitors can hire motorbikes or opt for xe ôm (motorbike taxis), which are an affordable and quick way to navigate congested streets.
Public buses operate in most major cities and are an economical way to get around, though routes can be confusing for newcomers and signage is often in Vietnamese. Both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City have been expanding their public transport systems, with bus rapid transit (BRT) services in development and metro lines gradually being introduced to ease congestion and improve urban mobility.
In addition to buses, cyclos (three-wheeled cycle rickshaws) are still found in some cities, particularly in tourist areas, offering a slow-paced and nostalgic way to explore. However, they are less common in daily urban transport and are mostly used for short scenic rides.
Walking can be pleasant in smaller towns and certain districts, such as the Old Quarter in Hanoi or the riverside promenade in Hoi An, though uneven pavements and the need to cross busy roads can be challenging in larger cities.
For convenience and comfort, many visitors rely on taxis or ride-hailing apps, which are widely used and reasonably priced in urban areas.
Vietnam Railways is the state-owned operator and runs all regular passenger services across the country. The backbone of Vietnam's railway is the North-South line, commonly known as the Reunification Express, which runs between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. This iconic route stretches over 1,700 km and takes approximately 30 to 35 hours to complete the full journey, though most travellers opt for shorter segments. Key stops along the route include Hue, Da Nang (for Hoi An), Nha Trang, and Vinh. Soft seat and sleeper options are available, with air-conditioned cabins offering greater comfort for longer journeys.
In addition to the main line, there are a few regional lines, such as Hanoi to Lao Cai (for Sapa) and Hanoi to Hai Phong. The latter serves as a gateway to Ha Long Bay. These routes are shorter and provide access to popular destinations in the north.
Travelling by train in Vietnam offers a chance to slow down and enjoy the journey, with the added benefit of avoiding the sometimes chaotic traffic on the roads.
In the Mekong Delta region, boats are an essential mode of transport, and travellers can explore the area's floating markets, villages, and islands by river. Regular ferry services operate between cities such as Can Tho, Vinh Long, and Chau Doc, providing both practical and scenic travel options.
Ferries also serve coastal and island destinations. One of the most popular routes is from the mainland to Phu Quoc Island, with fast ferries running from ports like Ha Tien and Rach Gia. In central Vietnam, ferries connect to Cu Lao Cham (near Hoi An) and Ly Son islands. In the north, boat trips on Ha Long Bay are a highlight for many visitors, though these are generally geared towards sightseeing rather than transportation.
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